Works Cited

Section I

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2023). “Table CT8. Electric power sector consumption estimates, 1960-2023, Iowa.” https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/data.php?incfile=/state/seds/sep_use/eu/use_eu_ia.html&sid=IA

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2023). “Table CO2.T6. Electric power sector CO2 emissions estimates from energy consumption, 1960-2023, Iowa.” https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sep_co2/eu/pdf/co2_eu_IA.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Iowa Environmental Council. (2025). Iowa Electric Generation: Condition of the State 2025. Des Moines, IA. https://www.iaenvironment.org/webres/File/2025%20Iowa%20Electric%20Generation%20Condition%20of%20the%20State%20Report%20-%20Digital.pdf

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2024). Electric Power Monthly. Washington, D.C. Tables 5.2 & 5.6A. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2024). Annual Technology Baseline 2024. Golden, CO. https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data

Rauner, S., et al. (2024). “The impact of energy sector pollution on human development and inequality amidst climate change.” Environmental Research Letters, 19, 094042. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6b39

Stanier, C. (2023). “The air quality-energy-climate-water-agriculture nexus in the upper Midwest: Status, trends, and research needs.” University of Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research. https://iti.uiowa.edu/articles/2022/02/charles-stanier-air-quality-energy-climate-water-agriculture-nexus-upper-midwest

Earthjustice. (2023). Toxic Coal Ash in Iowa. Washington, D.C. https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/iowa_coal-ash_state-fact-sheet_2024-08.pdf
Iowa Environmental Council. (2025). Toxic by Design: Understanding Coal Ash Pollution in Iowa. Des Moines, IA. https://www.iaenvironment.org/webres/File/Toxic%20By%20Design%20Report.pdf

U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2025). Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2025. Washington, D.C. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/electricity_generation/pdf/AEO2025_LCOE_report.pdf

Thind, M. P. S., et al. (2019). “Fine Particulate Air Pollution from Electricity Generation in the US: Health Impacts by Race, Income, and Geography.” Environmental Science & Technology, 53(23), 14010-14019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31746196/

Carley, S., & Konisky, D. M. (2020). “The justice and equity implications of the clean energy transition.” Nature Energy, 5, 569–577. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0641-6

Garrett-Peltier, H. (2017). “Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model.” Economic Modelling, 61, 439-447. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026499931630709X

Eitan, A., & Hekkert, M. P. (2023). “Locked in transition? Towards a conceptualization of path-dependence lock-ins in the renewable energy landscape.” Energy Research & Social Science, 106, 103316. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629623003766

Kemfert, C., et al. (2022). “The expansion of natural gas infrastructure puts energy transitions at risk.” Nature Energy, 7, 582–587. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-022-01060-3

Hill, D., & Engel-Cox, J. (2017). “Energy Innovation Clusters and their Influence on Manufacturing: A Case Study Perspective.” Clean Energy Manufacturing Analysis Center. https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68146.pdf

Su, L., et al. (2025). “Shared energy storage planning based on the adjustable potential of data center based on visual IOT platform.” Scientific Reports, 15, 30020. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-14205-7

IRA Tax Credit Repeal in the FY2025 Reconciliation Law: Part 1. (2026, February 16). https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IN12624

Section II

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). (2024). Form 1: Annual report of major electric utilities, licensees and others. Washington, DC. https://www.ferc.gov/general-information-0/electric-industry-forms/form-1-electric-utility-annual-report

Grid Strategies LLC. (2024). The Consumer and Environmental Costs from Uneconomically Dispatching Coal Plants in MISO. Washington, DC. https://gridstrategiesllc.com/wp-content/uploads/Grid-Strategies-NRDC-Uneconomic-Dispatch-Report-2024.pdf

Iowa Environmental Council (IEC). (2021). The Economic, Fiscal, and Social Impacts of Utility-Owned Coal-Fired Power Plants in Iowa. Des Moines, IA. https://www.iaenvironment.org/webres/File/Power%20Plant%20Economic%20Impact%20-%20Final.pdf

Iowa Utilities Board (IUB). (2024). Iowa’s Electric Profile. Des Moines, IA. https://iub.iowa.gov/regulated-industries/electric/iowas-electric-profile

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2022). Wind and Solar Hybrid Power Plants for Energy Resilience. Golden, CO. https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/80415.pdf

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2024). Annual Technology Baseline 2024. Golden, CO. https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data
Hytrek, N. (2022). “TPI Returning To Newton Thanks To Inflation Reduction Act.” Iowa Starting Line. https://iowastartingline.com/2022/12/02/tpi-returning-to-newton-thanks-to-inflation-reduction-act/

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2024). Coal data browser – State of Iowa. Washington, DC. https://www.eia.gov/coal/data/browser

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2024). Electric Power Monthly. Washington, D.C. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2025). Form 923: Electric power plant operations report. Washington, DC. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923

Section III

Berkeley Labor Center. (2025). Refining Transition: A Just Transition Economic Development Framework For Contra Costa County, California. University of California, Berkeley. https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/refining-transition

Cornell ILR School. (2024). Power and People: Working Conditions in the Texas Clean Energy Transition. Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations. https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/climate-jobs-institute/public-impact-0/power-and-people-working-conditions-texas-clean-energy-transition

Earthjustice. (2023). Toxic Coal Ash in Iowa. Washington, D.C. https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/iowa_coal-ash_state-fact-sheet_2024-08.pdf

Iowa Department of Natural Resources. (2024). 2023 Iowa Statewide Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report. Des Moines, IA. https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/DF/1518496.pdf

Iowa Environmental Council. (2025). Toxic by Design: Understanding Coal Ash Pollution in Iowa. Des Moines, IA. https://www.iaenvironment.org/webres/File/Toxic%20By%20Design%20Report.pdf

Ohio River Valley Institute. (2021). The Centralia Model for Economic Transition in Distressed Communities. Johnstown, PA. https://ohiorivervalleyinstitute.org/the-centralia-model
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2025). Form 923: Electric power plant operations report. Washington, DC. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923

Section IV

Appalachia Partnership Initiative & ReImagine Appalachia. (2025). Make it in Appalachia: Transforming shuttered coal plants into eco-industrial parks. Pittsburgh, PA. https://reimagineappalachia.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Make-it-in-Appalachia-Transforming-Shuttered-Coal-Plants-into-Eco-Industrial-Parks.pdf

Carley, S., & Konisky, D. M. (2020). “The justice and equity implications of the clean energy transition.” Nature Energy, 5, 569–577. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0641-6

Climate Jobs Illinois. (2025). Clean Energy, Lost Wages: Bridging the Community Solar Jobs Gap in Illinois. https://faircontracting.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/CJI-Community-Solar-Report_10.16.25.pdf

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2024). Annual Technology Baseline 2024. Golden, CO. https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/data

Ohio River Valley Institute. (2021). The Centralia Model for Economic Transition in Distressed Communities. Johnstown, PA. https://ohiorivervalleyinstitute.org/the-centralia-model

U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA). (2023). EDA Fuels the Coal & Energy Communities that Power American Growth. Washington, DC. https://www.eda.gov/news/blog/2023/06/02/eda-fuels-coal-energy-communities-power-american-growth

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2024). Electric Power Monthly. Washington, D.C. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/

U.S. Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED). (2023). Guidance for Creating a Community Benefits Plan for the Clean Energy Demonstration Program on Current and Former Mine Land. Washington, DC. https://oced-exchange.energy.gov/FileContent.aspx%3FFileID%3D1b6614ba-eb60-4d7e-babe-30733ed984ef&ved=2ahUKEwi18c6r182SAxUyGDQIHV1uGN8QFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw27Bd-3z1bsYehJARwNU-oO

Section V

Pao-Yu, O., et. al. (2020). “Coal phase-out in Germany – Implications and policies for affected regions.” Energy, 196, 117004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220301110

Goch, S. (2002). “Betterment without Airs: Social, Cultural, and Political Consequences of De-industrialization in the Ruhr.” International Review of Social History, 47(10), 87-111. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44735347?seq=1

Galgoczi, B. (2016). “Green transformation: challenge to energy intensive regions: The case of the Ruhr region and further examples from Europe.” European Trade Union Institute. https://justtransitionforall.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Galgoczi-Vancouver-Nov2016.pdf

European Commission. (2025). Support for deployment of funds and monitoring of ecological transition. START technical assistance summary: Asturias, Spain. https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler

Yassin, S., Jackson, A., & Male, H. (2025). “Spain’s Just Transition Strategy, Urgent Action Plan and Just Transition Agreements: Guiding coal-dependent regions through decarbonization.” Future Skills Centre and Institute for Research on Public Policy. https://fsc-ccf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Final_Case_Study_Spain_FSC_IRPP_EN.pdf

Touza, L., et. al. (2025). “From phasing-out to phasing-in: lessons from Spain’s just transition governance framework.” Elcano Royal Institute. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/from-phasing-out-to-phasing-in-lessons-from-spains-just-transition-governance-framework/

Works Cited

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